.you are doing a very noble cause ..helping many to connect to their roots..Indeed it is a feeling which cant be expressed. WebAs you may know, the Indian government gives certain benefits to lower castes. We cane to know that Rampurush cannont be a Kuladevatha as it is a Grampurush of a certain Kuladevatha. This book was published form of Ph.D thesis submitted by Dr. Thoomati Donappa ( Former Vice Chancellor of Telugu University). Nikki Bella (WWE) Biography, Age, Height, Weight, Affairs, Children, Family, Facts, Wiki & More, Hande Ercel Biography, Age, Height, Weight, Boyfriend, Family, Wiki & More, Arishfa Khan (Arshifa Khan) Biography, Age, Height, Boyfriend, Family, Facts, Caste, Wiki & More, Shivangi Kolhapure Biography, Age, Husband, Children, Family, Caste, Wiki & More, Madhubala Biography, Age, Death, Husband, Children, Family, Facts, Caste, Wiki & More, Mumbai, Puri surname de baare vi dasseyo, Mere kayi relatives use Punn surnames and we're from same biradri( caste/clan?). This article is about the Saini community of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi. If you find a name recurring, it shall be your Kula Devata.Other wise, check your Family Customs in performing Pooja. Some of saklani writes there surname is thakur and I want to tell u ke Uttarakhand m bhi Saklani h wo wahn pe sharma h to can u please tell m ur opinion You are using an out of date browser. Sir, pls tell me which caste he belongs to in Orissa, that answers all my questions. Kashyapa Our fore fathers were supposed to have dwelt in Kundapur but now we haves settled down in Bangalore. Further information may be obtained by. Gunlapalli Privacy Policy. See the analysis by days count and bar graph. Someone's land. https://polldaddy.com/js/rating/rating.jsSir, thank you, Dude, Naik nayak are all Scheduled Tribes, stop giving bad information. Nandyala Multi Lingual Blog English Tamil Kannada Hindi Indian History Verified Vedic Thoughts Hinduism around The World Tamils History. Both on your website and other media. Parashara Appendix:List of Arora surnames - Wiktionary, 'Today's youth is more biased about caste', Sikhism - Family In Sikh Thought And Practice. This is because of the marriage of these Brahmin sages having begotten children from Kshatriya women. .. Rajus ( The Telugu speaking Kshatriyas) claim that they are descendants of Four Dynasties that ruled the Telugu land. Multi Lingual Blog English Tamil Kannada Hindi Indian History Verified Vedic Thoughts Hinduism around The World Tamils History. Just genuinely wanted ask this sub why caste names are frowned upon and made fun of. Percentage of all salaries earned by bearers: Surnames are taken as the first part of an person's inherited family name, caste, clan name or in some cases patronymic, Heatmap: Dark red means there is a higher occurrence of the name, transitioning to light yellow signifies a progressively lower occurrence. I am of the opionion that one should follow what elders have followed, despite what others may say.If you still have doubts, you may worship Kamakshi or Devi . Hasthi Menon. It is really worth to discuss one of the most confusing and important topic of this era in the history of Jammu and Kashmir.If you search for "Jamwal" in the internet,all are telling a different stories and none of them are true.With such a topic for our research we took almost half of a year to evaluate what actually is the truth. Register to read and get full access to gulfnews.com, By clicking below to sign up, you're agreeing to our Srivatsa This is how the Caste name is to be used. Raghava Can u enlighten me more avout our clan? Varnata word emerged from the word Karnataka. Kalvala Yellaturu Shilpa Saklani hails from Dehradun but was born and brought up in Mumbai. info)) is a caste of North India who were traditionally landowners (zamindars) and farmers. My father passed away when we were very young and there was a note in his Diary which states that our Kuladevatha is Shri Rampurush. 2. Neither your family is of Vaishya Origin nor your neighbours are Vaishaya. goud saraswath are not brahmins, they are converted. Parasara Parasarya, Vasistha, Sakalya You can manage them any time by clicking on the notification icon. Saklani earn significantly more than the average income. Even though Hinduism is now the most popular religion in the country Buddhism is still practiced by over seven million people in India. It will contain your rishis. Please visit Haridwar and trace your routes.. Hlw M from Jammu.Will you please tell me the name of our (Jamwal's) kuldevi??? Yerramraju (110) KADG PINEAR. My name is Pundalik Karmalkar, presently staying in Ibrampur, Pernem. Caste is determined by Disposition, not by birth. I need the traya, the three rishis. Is it possible to identify the original does it have any relevance? Kaluvala Dua are khatri and I think Rangar are Rajput. The caste system is an ancient and outdated social ranking system for families. Please log in using one of these methods to post your comment: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Bahuguna 10. Shilpa Saklani (Indian, Television Actress) was born on 20-01-1982. KADG PINEAR. Whereas for upper caste it is the opposite, they are proud about their caste and wear it on their sleeve (the reason we have caste surname). At Rajus ceremonies the Brahmins(Purohits) and Bhatrajus/Bhattus/Bhattumurthys ( Bards / Minstrels ) recite their Rishi and Raja Pravaras. Badola 7. Chevuru Ayyaparaju How and why it changed is a mystery, do you have any insights, Please share. She was interested in acting since childhood and got her first breakthrough when she was roped in to play the lead role in the Hindi film titled Tere Liye in the year 2001. In India it is most frequent in: Uttarkhand, where 60 percent are found, Delhi, where 15 percent are found and Maharashtra, where 6 percent are found. I am trying to find out my Gotra as well as Kuldeavta and Kuldevi. Mayekars are samartas, some use Shenvi AND SPELL Mayenkar also, they use to live at Bicholim Goa KADG PINEAR. The surname Saklani (Hindi: , Marathi: ) occurs most in India. Koi ds k Nafria surname kis caste nu belong krda wa ? This website stores cookies on your computer. This article looks at the origin of some of the most popular Indian last names, their origins, and their meanings. So what is right cast of ours. Many Indian surnames are related to the caste system. People in Indian society are divided into four castes according to their occupation, namely Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra. The Brahmin, whose task is to master and impart knowledge and administer sacrifices, have the highest rank. Plz reply me if you knw. Bharadwaja Angirasa, Barha Srutya, Bharadwaja Alugunuru MAHTON mathon wording dono main likha jata hain. Please check your Father, Grand Father and great Grand Fathers names.Normally the Kula Devata Name is christened for the eldest Child.Check with your Paternal Uncles. It can also be rendered as:. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 2. So we asked in Koude Shastra ( Shells, where in we were asked to pray and ask our kuladevatha to be informed) , by this method we were told that Shanteri Kamakshi is our Kuladevatha. d) VARNATA ( Aditya chola, Varnata Rajendra Chola Clan). My Name is Abhay Basrur, my ancestors are from Honavar, District Uttar Kanada. She has also hosted the shows called Rin Mera Superstar. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The Kakani family name was found in the USA, and Canada between 1911 and 1920. surefire led conversion head; bayou club houston membership fees. WebTheir ethnonym is derived from the word Garhwal or 'Gadwal'. Balaraju thank you, GSB is Goud Saraswat Brahmins, you have mentioned Shri Kalbai of Mayem as Kuldevta of surname Mayekar, but she is of other caste and not GSB, kuldevta of GSB surname Mayekar is Shri Mangesh and palvi devta is Mahalaxmi, gotra Kaundinya Badoni 8. I have plans to write on them and other Brahmin groups like Chiplun Brahmins.Regards, Hi my surname is Tambulwadkar deshpande. Several pancha gauda brahmin communities like Kashmiri Saraswats, Maithili brahmins and Bengali brahmins eat fish and meat. Call a pulayan, 'pulaya', it is a criminal offense. Naag of Jamwal. Solaraju Please do not get sidetracked . Same is the case in Japanese culture. Information available on this topic in Telugu book Andhra Samsthanamulu Sahitya Poshana published by Andhra University. Brahmins are to use 'Sharma', Kshatriyas, 'Varma, Vaisyas, 'Gupta' I am furnishing the Brahmin surnames in Well send you latest news updates through the day. Govindaraju :- My title is Patro and I guess we belong to vyashya caste not brahmins. It is one of the Primary Brahmin caste in this region. 11 Royal clans of 96 clan of Marathas belong to Kaushik gotra including the illustrious house of Shivaji and Rashtrakutas. The meaning of this surname is not listed. Let me know your full name and the names of your brothers and sisters and indicate who is the eldest and the order of the siblings including yourself. It is a part of their culture. It's just a name. And how is having this surname 'casteist'? :- : Aswaal 4. A big list of surnames - 1. These cookies are used to improve your experience and provide more personalized service to you. That is two or four more rishis apart from the name of thecRishi you have mentioned? Farmer's Empowerment through knowledge management. gopuff warehouse address; barts health nhs trust canary wharf; constitutional monarchy advantages and disadvantages; Also Kuldevta of Nayak Banavalikar is Shri Katyayani Baneshwar Aversa Karwar Karnataka, most of them settled in Siolim Goa, Will be grateful if you can send me details on Saarswat Brahmins and thier roots in Goa /links. Our kuldevi is kudtari mahamaya chamundeshwari in qupem. WebNainwal: is an Indian Garhwali clan, with the same surname, found in Uttarakhand in northern India. Is it because you where not able to get the info or because they need not be GSB. Find your Indian last name and learn about its meaning and origins. thanks in advance. CHINDA SURNAME OF PEOPLE IN UTTARAKHAND - (A big list of surnames) 1. Betharaju Aswal 5. It is also found in The United Arab Emirates, where 1 percent are found and The United States, where 1 percent are found. In addition to being a place rife with culture, life, and religion is also central to the history of India. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Vashishta, Dhananjaya, Pashupathi and Kashyapa. They have following Gothras: Sir my caste MAHTON but my religion Sikh Rajput hain mere dada bola krte the ki hum b Jamwal caste se belong krte hain Jamwal se hi migrate hokr MAHTON caste banayi hain aur mera ghotr Kaushalya hain .hum baghban ram g k putr.. lub,kush g k banshish hain..j sahi hain ja galt plss confirm meki Jamwal hain hum ja nhi. saklani surname caste. Rishi Pravara indicates to which Rishi ( Sage) disciples they have been. her next birthday. Inkula He said that his father was a strong opposer of the caste system. KADG PINEAR. Kaundinya gotra Even today when we meet new people one of the first questions we tend to ask is where are you from or where did you grow up? i hv a friends. Pasupati Gotra: Pasupati Jagadabhi Bollywood megastar Amitabh Bachchan has shared anecdotes about his last name and said that Bachchan was his father and legendary poet Harivansh Rai Bachchans poetic nom de plume. In GSB culture, anything that doesnt have blood is vegetarian. .nainwal brahmins Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Amoli 2. 150 yrs ago we shifted to Maharashtra. mention the practice of separating people into varnas or social groups. I really get annoyed when I talk about social issues related to caste in with my friends and the first thing they tell me is 'jaathi per maat'. [2]The term Rajanya was initially used as a tribe name and denoted the ruling families in the Rig vedic period which referred to a distinct social group. This last name is most frequent in India, where it is held by 4,533 people, or 1 in 169,218. Anthwal 3. https://polldaddy.com/js/rating/rating.jsHi.. i could not find the PASUPATI gotra origin Can you please research on it and let us know the How Pasupati gotra formed in andhra kshatriyas. Many of the modern Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. Gothra : Vatsa, Please include Bhalavalikar GSB surnames and gotras. This post is generated, in good faith ,for providing information for the Community to identify their communities. The exact origin of the word Garhwal is unknown. PATRO is NOT A BRAHMIN LAST NAME. * One may notice some Gothras are from Brahmins,Kasyapa and Vasishta. If father is a Brahmin and the Mother is a Kshatriya, the offspring is classified as Brahmin, normally. Gouripuram Yadavalli Sangama But there's a fourth common determinant for Indian last names, the caste system, which determines a person's place in society, is now outlawed in India but still followed culturally. PARICHCHEDIS ( Vashishta is their Gothram/ Gothra ) : Barring India it occurs in 25 countries. Find out the names ,apart from your Father,Grand Father, and Great Grand Father and let me know whether you are the first child. Kshatriya, from (holder of) Kshatra (rule or authority), is one of the fourvarnas(social orders) inHinduism. I have what is called an 'uppercaste' surname. Babe Nanak Ne Sikh Bnaaye Sikhan Layi Waah Oye Sikha Bas Sikhi Jaa, RipuDaman Gill (Ripu) Mera Dost Sief Ohi Sukhmani Sahib Karda Jinna dillon bhulaayunda haa oh onna chete aaundi aye Ohda geet aa. Kamparaju and Kindly inform. Sub-clans of Pasupati Gotra WebSahni Sahni (alternatively Sawhney, Sahney, Shahani, or Sahani) are Punjabi Khatri clan and surname found among the Hindus or Sikhs of Punjab, India. KADG PINEAR. We never asked for your approval. Kanchiraju Always preferable to worship the Deity ones ancestors have worshiped.In case the details are unavailable one can worship the same Deity in another place. Dalavayi your website is very informative,thanks for the info provided on the site, NAYAK BANAULIKAR If it is, then why? Over may also be a first name. JavaScript is disabled. Terms of Use Each name has its origin and meanings detailed alongside it, providing all the information you need. mention the practice of separating people into varnas or social groups. Singh, for example, means "lion" and is usually associated with the warrior caste, the Kshatriyas. Lookscas thougj your ancestors migrsted from Goa.Gauda saraswat Brahims. Over the centuries, Indian people have emigrated globally, and Indian last names can be found in countries far and wide. What is GSB , you mean Gauda Saraswat Brahmins/ Our Gothra is Vasishhtt. In 1920 there were 3 Kakani families living in Hawaii. But there's a fourth common determinant for Indian last names, the caste system, which determines a person's place in society, is now outlawed in India but still followed culturally. Singh, for example, means "lion" and is usually associated with the warrior caste, the Kshatriyas. Massachusetts had the highest population of Caste families in 1840. Originally when Guru Gobind Singh made the Khalsa, he banned castes and surname use, instead all Sikhs were either called Singh(Lion) or Kaur(Princess). L. Elizabeth Forry is an Early Childhood Educator with 15 years of classroom experience. WebYou can see how Kakani families moved over time by selecting different census years. So, what's what? Abhay. This was 100% of all the recorded Caste's in USA. VARNATA ( Koundinyasa Gothra) : Please do some research on Kalinga caste. a)Kalinga Shrauta Brahmins: It is the 99,304th most commonly occurring family name at a global level, held by around 1 in 1,528,428 people. First Trimester To-Do List: Take Care of Yourself. Maharashtra, Film - Tere Liye (2001) TV - Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi (2003), Tere Liye (2001), Na Tum Jaano Na Hum (2002), Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin, Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara, among others. [1] Sahnis are a part of the Khukhrain sub-caste/family-group of the Khatris. To find out more about the cookies and data we use, please check out our, Dear Reader, please register to read gulfnews.com, Password should have minimum 7 characters with at least one letter and number, Digital Like many other cultures, many Indian last names are derived from an ancestors occupation. So why is this actually a bad thing? :- Yes.But it is better to have the change reflected in Aadhaar and submit it.procedure is easy.please check my post on this. My Family says we are Vaishyas and their family says they are Brahmins. Your family has its root from a group of people who were involved in selling beetles and also cultivating them. View the highest/lowest earning families in The United States. http://telugukshatriyaas.blogspot.in/2009/08/surnames-of-telugu-kshatriyaas-surya.html, Kaushika Gotra: 11 days I may be able to trace. Some well-known Sikh celebrities are My mother and father had a quick discussion and it was decided that Bachchan would be the family surname, he wrote. :- Well youre wrong. My respects to you for the content of your blog. Please inform me for inaccuracies and suggest improvement. Hello sir can you tell us about Narania Rajputs . FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. The most Caste families were found in USA in 1880. Andhra Pradesh Kshatriya Surnames. 2.Sevayata Brahmins or Saruaa: Sevayata/Purohita Brahmin or Sarua: surname DODDIPETLA OF DANANJAYA GOTRA shall be added in the above list. Chejerila Gothra has nothing to do with Kuladevathas. [9], The Sainis of Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts claim to be the descendants of the Rajputs of the Yaduvanshi or Surasena lineage who ruled these kingdoms, who came to these areas to avoid forced conversion to Islam. The surname Saklani is the 99,304 th most numerous last name Kaushika gotra also belongs to Baish clan of rajput which includes in the suryavanshi rajput. I am sorry but other than our gotra which is Kaundinya we have no info about three rishis.in maharashtra we cant use two surnames so we dropped deshpande of all our legal documents and now we arent allowed at mangeshi to perform seva because of new rules there. All rights reserved. Learn how your comment data is processed. However, it is believed to be derived from the title Garh-wala At some place there shall be a reference to the Deity. Dear Ramanan, First of all many many thanks for a wonderful compilation. old age Shilpa Saklani will turn 42 on 20 January, 2024. Am updating as and when I get authentic information. People belonging to Kaushika (Kaushik/Kousika/Kousikasa/Koushika/Kausika) [15], Some Saini landlords were also appointed as zaildars, or revenue-collectors, in various districts. Bayalraju Poets writers of great eminence often designed their names with a nom de plume. Sir, Please tell whether Kalinga Caste come under Andhra Brahmins or Oriya Brahmins. We changed our surname. It's just a name. Kshatriya are the Warrior group in India. Sahni (alternatively Sawhney, Sahney, Shahani, or Sahani) are Punjabi Khatri clan and surname found among the Hindus or Sikhs of Punjab, India. kadangpintar KADG PINEAR. Mandavya In 1840 there was 1 Caste family living in Massachusetts. Bcoz , we also follows the same ethics as Bhramin follows including Janeu dharan and others. WebSaklani, Find origin of Surname Saklani, Enter Surname (family name or last name) and find its origin, caste, religion, state of origin, mother tongue and related information. Please help me to get the exact information. She along with her husband were once caught in a rave party. My name is ritesh i am from Keri pernem. Surname plays important role in Telugus culture. For more parenting tips and tricks, find us on Pinterest: Are you a writer, expert, or influencer? Can you tell me your Gothra and what was your grand father.forefathers profession? 18 hours,42 minutes has left for Looking at the research done by you, i would appreciate if you could guide me in finding my Gotra and Kuldevta. Anatharaju WhereasKshatra(from which the word Kshatriya comes) implied temporal authority and power which was based less on being a successful leader in the battle and more on tangible power of laying claim to sovereignty over a territory, demanding prestations and symbolizing ownership over clan lands.Which later gave its way to the origin of Kingship.Thus the word Rajnaya was replaced by the word Kshatriya. Surname and Gothra both are equally important. 1) Gothra is not mentioned against some of the entries. WebSurname (or family name) Saklani has Indian origin, most common language spoken by them is Marwari, Garhwali, they are originated and/or found widely in North Indian 4. She is married to actor Apurva Agnihotri since 2004. Madhwas are Brahmins who follow Dwaitha as propounded by Sri Madhwacharya. My name is pritam vidyadhar nagarkar .My gotra is vasishta . For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Grand father is Ramnath S. Inamdar ,who hails from Rannebennur Talluka, Dharward Dist In karnataka, I do not have he necessary tools or qualifiactions for this.Family tree finder is a site worth checking into, which govekar surname of kuldevat & etc detail. The Kakani family name was found in the USA, and Canada between 1911 and 1920. 1. The Penugonda Regds, Hello Sir, i had mentioned about the family kuldev of Shenvi Mayekar its Shri Manguesh and Palvi devta Mahalaxmi Gotra Kaundinya, if changes can be made it will be very helpful, Hello, about Nayak Banaulikar Katyayani Baneshwar Siolim Bharadwaj, actually Nayak Banaulikar use surname as Naik (most of them ) now and the family Kuldevat is in Aversa- karwar-Karnataka, most of these people are residing in Siolim, Please do the changes, it may help someone Sir in our village in eastern UP (Dist- Ballia), there is another family with same surname (Chaurasia) and Gotra (Kashyap). Padmaraju I shall be gratefull if you can clarify a couple of matters about the list. Bontaraju [1](wiki), There is another basic criteria required of a Kshatriya, Compassion, Kshama. Even small pointers like whom to contact would be quite helpful. If there's a guy called Pappu Menon. Indian. Presence Of Hinduism Around The World History Articles Links1, Basic Hinduism Procedures 1 List of Links ToArticles, Why And What I Write On Hinduism SanatanaDharma, Surnames Of All Brahmins Bengal Odisha Haryana Assam UP MP, Brahmin Surnames Andhra Maharashtra, Goa Deshastha, https://polldaddy.com/js/rating/rating.js. Chennapay Very informative. BUT THEY ARE ORIGINALLY FROM BENAULIM IN SOUTH AND SETTLED I SIOLIM, ABOUT MAYEKAR, THEY ARE MAYEKAR/MAYENKAR OR SHENVI MAYENKAR Some times Brahmins engaged in other professions do change their surnames. Although the government abolished the caste system in 1948, a survey completed in 2005 showed that only 11% of the women surveyed married outside their traditional caste. Bihar Caste Census: 40 , - , 40 Women Husband Name Roopchand: . Do Andhra Kshatriya of Bhardwaj gotra have north belonging bcoz my family and many of my relatives have fair complextion and North Indian like face structure. We know we are saraswat but Could you please send me an authentic source verifying our surname? You are requested to add 'Nasa' too to this page. regards. Surnames are indicative of the Caste. The surname's just that. a) PARICHEDIS ( Guhila , Vishnukundin Clan ) What is my caste and gothra my name is sushant harit. In one of the other websites which i was browsing it was mentioned that Kaundinya gothra is also referred to as Vasishtt gothra. Patros are can be Bhramins or Vaishyas. ..they r DUA and Rangarn they dont know much abt them .vaise sardaar family haibut they want to know if they r khatri or jatt anyone has any idea?? : Peddiraju Caste is a scientifically classified social structure. Chokkaraju If this also does not offer a clue, if you are a worshiper of Shiva, have Lord Subrahmanya or Devi as your Kula Devatha;if you worship Vishnu, keep Lord Venkateshwara as your Family deity.You shall get the name of the deity in a short while through an unexpected source.Regds, Best work done, A lot more should be added, Thanks. If I get information from you I shall try to clarify. Buddhism was born in India. Please see from our Gotras if we are Halua Brahmins of Orissa because they are also left sacerdotal rites and do agriculture. Castism cannot go away from bhramins, they are the main reason hinduus have converted to other religions, they have made it so complicated to maintain their exclusivity and hold , as if they are the gate keepers of hindu religion. 2 . KOTA( DHARANIKOTA) Kings ( Dhananjaya is their Gothram/ Gothra ) Shilpa Saklani has celebrated the total number of 41 birthdays till date. 18 days, Sainis claim to be descendants of a king, Shurasena, as well as of Krishna and Porus, and to be related to the ancient Unlike in Goa we in maharashtra dont use dual surname on official documents and we dont have an official document which proves we are deshpande. GOD MANGUESH MAHALAXMI Plz remove Acharya from GSB listAcharya are madwa brahmins. It was usually the village inhabited the first that gave the nomenclature! This is precisely the reason why some caste names are shared by both the Brahmins as well as the Jajmans (Rajpoots). 11 Idwal Bisht (Most of the following now use only Bisht/Bist) Because we dont look like Brahmins and our main occupation is agriculture and accepted various vocational jobs. subscription, ePaper [3], The later books find some reference to the word Rajanya though it was used to denote specific tribe or political authority,and the word Kshatriya was popular and denoted the ruling class.Later inAitareya Brahmanaof theRig Vedathere is a mention of Rajanya requesting a Kshatriya a place in a sacrifice,suggesting lower status of Rajnayas.By Brahminical standards Kshatirya,is superior to Vedic Rajanya.It was a Brahmin authority that decided the status of the two.Thus when the Purusha Sukta was composed during the later Rig Vedic period to elevate the status of Vedic Rajanya ,term Kshatriya was omitted. I see some popular meme pages also making jokes about the same thing. Pls Add Ampajalam Surname in Atreya Gotram..This Surname is only found in Nellore and Karvetinagaram in AP. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam.