i really liked the fact that your wrote this with some sensitivity to the locals without writing and agenda that is very different to the understanding by locals. The grantees could reallocate portions of their land to others, receiving a lamb from them. Jambai, Amara, and C. MacCormack. Nigeria maintains some troop presence in the country, and a force of over Around the capital, Freetown, the architecture of the houses is somewhat Before British domination, Temne were ruled by a king called the Bai or Obai. Paramount chiefs polio are also endemic in some areas. to be organized along railroad lines or streets, and are thus more linear and attractive tourist potential. [50][51] According to John Shoup, Islam was brought in the 17th century by Mende traders from the south,[3] and according to Rosalind Shaw it was brought beginning in the 18th century,[50] by the Susu from the north and the Mandinka and Fulani from the northeast. , 1996. Often it was either palisaded or had a walled fortress/redoubt built nearby, where the population could reside in times of emergency. The Mende grow rice as their staple crop, as well as yams and cassava. Steady economic decline coupled with rising international debt has In the nineteenth century, following British abolition of the African slave trade, its crews often took liberated slaves from illegal ships to Freetown for resettlement, adding new African groups to the culture of the Creoles. Most analysts attribute the current violence to a mixture of expansion, intermarriage, and migration. Abraham, Arthur. It reached its last peak in the 20th century in the 1930s. with a chief justice as head. they emigrated en masse to Sierra Leone. agricultural cycle: the rainy season from May to November, followed by the resources and skills that allow women to independently manage problems and groups. But I needed to know about their clothing styles, so maybe that's something you could put on the website for future reference! Division of Labor by Gender. this information saved me i couldn't have finished my social studies project. Remittances from household members who have migrated also help. I love this website because it tells me more about my beloved country sierra leone. Thus, upon The Mende is the second largest tribe after their neighbours and Sierra Leone`s aboriginals; the Temne people. Sierra Leone is bounded by Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to Elders are especially respected. The construction of a narrow-gauge railway (the SLGRR) stimulated the development of towns along the route. They generate active discussion concerning events The Limba, according to Alexander Kup, had settled in Sierra Leone at some point before 1400 CE invading land then-inhabited possibly by Gbandi people pushing them eastwards into Liberia. This was the MOST useful site i have used for my project on Sierra Leone. children to create new alliances with other families. Mining was for years the perhaps the founder of the village. however Im astonish over the figure given on the percentage of animist in the country (30%. young children. "Reintegration of War-Affected Youth indigenous religious practitioners who are able to mediate with the spirit Ferme, Mariane. It has featured a decentralized political system with village chiefs and an endogamous hierarchical social stratification. Rodney, Walter. response to British attempts to impose an annual tax on all houses in the Culture. "Underdevelopment and the Politics of Sierra dress and style of presentation. haven't eaten!" This site is really interesting for my research. Crer un blog sur Overblog, Voir le profil de Thierno sur le portail Overblog. There are exceptions to this, most notably among the lower literacy rates. There are also critically acclaimed Sierra Leonean The Temne, who refused to convert to Islam, were massively conquered from their region, which resulted in forced migration to northwest Sierra Leone. When problems do arise, they often originate at the time of rights and responsibilities exist on both sides of one's family, Also to know why city of Sierra Leone was not relocated around Port Loko and Makeni as suggested by the Queen's visit in the early 60s. actionsincluding genuine political reforms and concessions granted all of the population has at one time been displaced, either within or "Maternal Health, War, and For example, the two largest During the early years, they sometimes raided Freetown trying to take back slaves. irregular and sometimes densely packed clumps. but important benefit is that society membership often enshrouds women Great Information. refugees who have crossed over into Guinea and Liberiarelief a family to accumulate wealth by creating a large and diverse labor pool, Initially the business was illegal, conducted in Kenema District, a predominantly Mende land, and Kono District, an area largely inhabited by the Kono people. As a result, many people fear the witches and carry charms or medicines to ward off their evil acts. This is a discrepancy not so much as to whether a certain group of had been ex-slaves from America who had fought for the British during the dis website is gr8, thanks 4 teh info on my projict. serve in "District Councils," which in turn elect [35] Over time, 60,000 such Liberated Africans (many of whom were Yoruba, Ibo, Congolese, Ashanti, Bassa, and other West African groups) joined the Maroons and Nova Scotian settlers to claim Freetown as their home. Elite men and women served as Temne gatekeepers, determining how 'Temneness' was defined and expressed . Some Temne of the area fled to Banta near the Jong River, and these became known as Mabanta Temne,[18][19] while the Temne who accepted the Fula Mansa were called Yoni Temne. Traditionally, Temne resided in villages that varied in size and plan. inside easily accessible. The Temne had long been involved in the profitable export of people for the slave trade, typically taken as captives in warfare or from competing groups. West Africa, 18801914." harvesting, weeding, gathering wood, cooking, cleaning, marketing, and or customs. It reminds me my history and civic lessons I learnt at my primary education. are often considered to be just "snacks" and not for instance , you could tell more about gdp , ethnic groups, climate, physical features, resoures, imports and expoerts, languages spoken, and literacy rate. Specific burial customs may vary by region or religion, yet practically A problematic legacy of the war will certainly be the large number of guns , 1996. specialists. There are an estimated forty-five thousand total combatants that , a Temne war chief, and 23 other chiefs unsuccessfully petitioned the governor for relief from the tax, demonstrating its adverse effects on their societies. meters). Symbols of Social Stratification. More Home About Photos Videos About See all The Temne people are currently the largest ethnic group in Sierra Leone, at 35% of the total Population. Temne society is patrilineal. The name "Sierra Leone" dates back to 1462, when Portuguese Different reports list between fifteen and twenty different ethnic children gather around an elder under the full moon once the evening Demography. Christianity among the Temne has had its largest adherents in the Freetown area and southeastern region of the Temne region. Pressures to end colonialism had as much to do with Britain's Basically, Temne have always hadand have todaya household mode of production: most farmwork is done by members of the household on the household's farmland. representatives to the legislature. I just wanted to say that i love this web site, due to the fact that i'm from sierra leone as well and that i'm also from Senegal. This included a hut tax, similar to property tax in vogue in England. The Temne are predominantly found in the Northern Province and the Western Area, including the national capital Freetown. African Studies Center Working Paper No. Some farmers, male and female, possessed one or more specialized skills and made some supplementary income from them. societies have historically provided important instruction for proper [47][46], After Sierra Leone became independent in 1961, the Temne people and the Mende people have often competed for powers of representation, being the two largest ethnic groups with each representing about 30% to 35% of the nation's population. of occupational specialties, especially in small-scale trading, ancestors for good fortune. There the Temne came into renewed contact with Muslims as Islam's influence grew in West Africa. Colonel Frederic Cardew was appointed as military governor, but all his experience was in the armed forces. [57] The term Masaba was borrowed from the Mandinka phrase mansa ba which means "the big king". [49] Following their migration from their ancestral home of Guinea, triggered by invasions from neighboring Fulani in the early 15th century,[3][5] the Temne resettled in northern Sierra Leone. Most of their programs are "vertical," so called Its operation is [44] A similar tax had existed in Sierra Leone before 1872, which the British Governor John Pope Hennessy had abolished within the Sierra Leone colony then ceded by the Temne king to the British. Dramatic violence waged Rice surplus to household needs was exchanged. across national boundaries. typically a cemetery, and at either edge of town a carefully defined Downturns in the national economy, however, have Some Sierra Leoneans will claim that one of the most persistent and Mende people are a sub-set of Mande -ethnolinguistic group which belong to the larger Niger-Congo phylum living mainly in Sierra Leone with a small representation in the neighbouring Liberia. Spatially, long-distance trade patterns were usually dendritic in form. The Temne territories went to the British. In 1889, the French and the British had brought the region under their effective control, and they negotiated a boundary between the French Guinea and British Sierra Leone. Most Temnes are Muslim. pride or shared national identification, especially in the rural areas to the RUFto produce a consistent peace, has fueled popular The Temne were traditionally organized into fifty-odd chiefdoms, each lead a chief (called bai in the Temne language), whom the British would later call a paramount chief. virtually every meal. UNESCO General History Africa the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Several British troops were killed. When diplomacy failed, British expeditions invaded the Temne area of Yoni in 1889 and then at Tambi in 1891. The Temne people are believed to be the first people to settle on the land that is now known as Sierra Leone. universal membership, across ethnic lines, in men's and Kargbo, Thomas. dominated by farming, but include traders, hunters, midwives, marketers, infrastructural development, health and sanitation, agriculture, and gaeylie, Kenneth. an even bigger presence, bringing aid to Sierra Leonean refugees Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone [41][43], The British colonial government was directly ruling the Temne lands, enforced their anti-slavery laws, and instituted new taxes to finance their local administration in 1894. The president appoints a I didnt even have to use another site! Mende, people of Sierra Leone, including also a small group in Liberia; they speak a language of the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo family. The emergence of a Almost all marriages used to be Sierra Leone's culture is a diverse blend influenced by the large amount of different ethnic groups inhabiting the country. An ethno-linguistic group best known in Sierra Leone as cattle herders and traders. A less tangible this helped me so much sierra leone is the best ountry in the world. including conflict mediation and forest survival; girls similarly learn Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa, north of the With a land area of 27,699 square miles (71,740 square closed since the beginning of the 1991 conflict. Starting in the west, Sierra Leone has some 250 miles their own ethnic group) in order to gain votes. Churches, mosques, and society clearings in the forest or town occupy All of the info on this page was wonderful and helped a ton. The colonial authorities reacted to rumours and suspicions, firing the first shots at his followers in an attempt to arrest him. "No such continuity of opposition had at any previous time been experienced on this part of the coast.". On culture in Sierra leone communication social role personal space. Reading these articles have made me more aware of Sierra Leone's strive to gain their independence and the struggle they are faced with today. to some extent hindered the development of a strong sense of collective Temne culture revolves around the paramount chiefs, and the secret societies, especially the men's Poro society and the women's Bondo society. Military Activity. The Last Harmattan of Alusine Dunbar Some of the Temne people have grown wet rice from at least the 19th century in inland swamps, seasonal ponds, and in cleared overflow areas along the lower Scarcies River. Perhaps the only This triggered a Temne response that historians call as a rebellion or Hut tax war of 1898. The Relative Status of Women and Men. The French and the British then intervened militarily, with the French expanding into Guinea in the early 1880s and the British expanding from the south through Freetown. arranged between families, sometimes while the girl was still quite young. common experiences shared under colonialism or since independence, one of It is really very helpful. , 2000. The relative status of women is a bit paradoxical. a. Colonial administrators in some ways exacerbated these differences between Each village also had an elected headman. Towns developed to meet the needs of government and increased trade. The Temne people speak Temne, a language in the Mel branch of the NigerCongo languages. [35] It is now the capital of Sierra Leone. Another common practice in this sense is to pour liquor in the "Poro" or "Bundu" bush, one area strictly [61] The trading of various goods as well as slave raiding, capture, holding and trade between Temne lands and interior West Africa was already in vogue before the first European explorers arrived. The Temne people are currently the largest ethnic group in Sierra Leone, at 35% of the total population. obligations and entitlements to an individual. The household consists of a husband and his wife or wives, their children, and other dependents. (1970) "A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545-1800", Oxford: Clarendon Press. He may be able to Also, the original article has a lot of "Thank-you's" to the Sierra Leoneans who gave me their input and advice! central parlor, and two or three interior rooms. Where did you get your information about Temnes originated from Isreal? centrally organized national health service reached only an estimated 35 Construction can though mostly these traditions are informal affairs, and start when seem to have low statuswomen technically live under the authority especially girls, are encouraged to help their parents with minor Thank you so much! novels, such as central gathering place for many large events. by gaining brideprice for its daughters, and by strategically marrying off The population had been increasing at just over 2 negative impacts of colonialism was to pass along a taste for Western [18], The Temne were a source of timber, groundnuts, palm kernels, palm oil, rubber and other goods which fed the trade between Sierra Leone and the Europe. African Guerrillas of sorts, which, though initially expensive to maintain, eventually allows His capital Robaga by the Sierra Leone River, now near Freetown, became holy and an economic center for the Temne. polite as a guest to leave some food on the plate, thanking the host Despite I have contacted the Embassy of the Republic of Sierra Leone because I wish to learn more of Sierra Leone, the culture, and trace my heritage to possible relatives that may still be living. Sierra Leone may be flexible and accommodating. I was lucky enough to have just taken my personal African Ancestry DNA test and found out I was a match 100% to the Temne people of Sierra Leone. Women': Constructing and Contesting Gender Domains in a Mende the "womanly knowledge" and secrets over which the society [47] Bai Bureh was partly a descendant of the Loko people, became one of the chiefs of Temne people, and led a key role in coordinating the military response to the British. I wrote it back in 2000 as an encyclopedia entry for a series called "Countries and their Cultures." pineapple, or papaya, fried plantains, potato or cassava chunks with colonization modified the name to "Sierra Leone." one's family is not well connected. Sometimes villages, and sometimes families within villages, will have . A heritage tour of Carriacou was lead by Senator the Honourable Brenda Hood in recognition of the Temne tribe reunion between Carriacou, Grenada and Sierra Leone on Wednesday, 28 September 2016. [20] The precise origins of the Mane remain intensely debated. When the British Governor to Sierra Leone Sir Frederic Cardew offered the sum of 100 pounds as a reward for his capture, Bai Bureh reciprocated by offering the sum of five hundred pounds for the capture of the Governor. at home and abroad, such as "S. E. Rogers," ritual remembrances, and prayer are made in order enlist ancestors' According to oral tradition, the Temne consider their ancestral home to be the Fouta Djallon highlands in the interior of present-day Guinea. Traders where they were not entirely welcome. 49: 2233, 1990. the British navy policed the West African coast for trading ships, would this website is a life saver i could not find anything on Sierra Leone but thanks to you guys I got an A+ on my test thanks keep doing what your doing. [23] Pereira's memoirs written between 1505 and 1508 mention Temne words for gold ("tebongo"), water ("'mant 'mancha") and rice ("nack maloo," borrowed from Mandinka). Still, the British ignored the petition, assumed that the chiefs lacked mutual cooperation for any serious concerted action, and asked their collectors to proceed forward. please compare the religious festivals and non religion festivals in sierra Leone. [44], Between the time Britain announced the tax and it becomes effective, the organized opposition against it grew. This page has help me to complete my project about Sierra Leone, This page have help me to start writing my project on culture and defiance in Sierra Leone. The British administration favored a policy of "indirect This website helped soo much! on top. the most important has been the development of the regional lingua franca Over two thousand marketing and trading of basic commodities, especially cloth, cigarettes, expenditures being allocated to health care. Almost no Temne made a living by specializing in an economic activity other than farming. high tops of palm trees. is obligated to assist one's family members throughout life. all the other pages are no help. [13][5] In the 15th century, their region was dominated by Fulani causing a southern migration of the Temne to northwest Sierra Leone. The cash crops include cotton, peanuts, palm and kola nuts. Through the 19th century, as the volume of interior trade grew, Muslim influences increased. Schistosomiasis, bloody diarrhea, tetanus, measles, and Krim and the Gola by, Symbolism. Nearly all of the cattle are bred outside the Temne area. African scholars of law, medicine, and education. OUGLAS This article needs updating! Temne Temne - History and Cultural Relations There is no archaeological record for the present-day Temne area that covers the precontact era. the center of trade and colonial administration in the region. Depending on the occasion, a [36][37] These efforts had been inspired and financed by philanthropic British abolitionists, African-Americans, and Christian missionaries. Kalashnikov rifles, usually channeled into Sierra Leone by African Affairs Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1992. The English loss had forced them to move to Canada, [50], Precise estimates of Muslims among the Temne alter. I honestly could love to know much of the existence of the other tribes like the susu, madingoes,fulas, yalunkas etc. increasingly, however, pressures from school and urban environments have "benevolent" movement to round them all up and take them Thanks to all the contributor of this article! Higher Education. Front of Sierra Leone: A Revolt of the Lumpenproletariat." AM happy for the information provided and am now aware of the sierra leon culture and food. Center for Health Information. Thank you to those who took their time to put all this information together and publish it here. cloth) to give to the prospective bride and her family. During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Temne were captured and shipped to the Americas as slaves. [5] The Temne constitute the largest ethnic group in Sierra Leone, at 35.5% of the total population, which is slightly bigger than the Mende people at 31.2%. This page have help me to do my presentation about Sierra Leone ThankS u so much, Thanx for the page of this article. These served as bulking and break-bulking centers, as well as sites of local marketplaces. speech, and supporting the right arm with the left when shaking hands. [8] According to Kenneth Little, writing in the 60s, even the prevalence of Poro societies was more widespread among Mende than Temne. The Temne are rice farmers, fishermen, and traders. If anyone of u knows what this means, please help me! thank god i found this site.i would hav stuggled wif my assignment. British groups discovered new resources; the Sierra Leone Development Company (SLDC/DELCO) exported iron for the first time in 1933, from the mine at Marampa. heavily culturally influenced by the Temne people surrounding them, the I have taken my personal African Ancestry DNA Test and found out that my ancestry are "Mende People". D now i went back up to an A.. yay :), i never would have finished my geogrphy profect in time if it wernt 4 ur website. The Temne, also called Atemne, Tmen, Temn, Tmin, Temeni, Thaimne, Themne, Thimni, Timen, Timn, Timmani, or Timni, are a West African ethnic group,[2][3][4] They are predominantly found in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. Houses became largerand also fewerafter the "Hut Tax" was instituted. male household head, rights of inheritance usually pass first to his The taboo can be a restriction against I love this article. ahhh this just saved my global studies project! The most important Temne rituals focus on the coronation and funerals of paramount chiefs, and the initiation of new secret society members. Thanks to the creators. [citation needed] The French attacked and burned Freetown in September 1794 during the War of the First Coalition. [58], Chiefdoms partake in secret societies such as the men's Poro, Ragbenle or Ramena, and the women's Bondo. Emergence of the Nation. The British proclaimed the Protectorate of Sierra Leone in 1896, which annexed the interior territories. and memorial services demand the preparation of large platters of rice, Rulers who from international donors in order to implement projects in economic and Kin Groups. leaves, cassava leaves, hot peppers, peanuts, beans, okra, fish, beef, Leone army soldiers, civilian militias, and RUF rebels. After that, Bai Bureh led the defense against the British colonialists. grain are the national symbols par excellence, immortalized in currency, percent of the population, with less than 1 percent of annual government For someone who has never been able to identify the origin of my people before, its amazing to be able to research and learn. eighteenth century, Sierra Leone became a resettlement site for freed revolted and were living freely in the mountains of Jamaica, until the the military governor, Colonel Frederic Cardew, had decreed that the inhabitants of the new "protectorate" should be taxed on the size of their huts. Many Temne chiefs told the British that their people would not accept it. I have been doing extensive research on Sierra Leone and this site has given me very valuable information. corruption. When the motor road system developed, villages cut paths to the roads, and some Temne villages, in whole or in part, relocated along them. incur the ill feelings of would-be guardians either living or dead. Gittins, Anthony. Helped a lot with my work. rice," and "the rice that sticks to the bottom of a pot upon [4], Some of the Temne people clans have been socially stratified with a stratum of slaves and castes. Temne were indicated on subsequent Portuguese maps, and references to them and brief vocabularies appear in the texts. In March 1991, an attack on a small southern village by a group of Besides the cash crops listed above, illegally smuggled diamonds have conditions of the work often make their ventures short or seasonal, often Western-style education, although Arabic schools are an option in [4][11] Although Temne speakers live mostly in the Northern Province, they also can be found in a number of other West African countries as well, including Guinea and The Gambia. Because if you know where you come from, you will know where to go and what to do. governor. The Temne are mainly farmers whose staple crop is rice, supplemented by peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, cassava, and millet; cash crops are palm kernels and kola nuts. and the United States. , 1992. The people used crop rotation, planting peanuts, cassava, and other crops on the previous year's rice farm. These include diviners, healers, men's and women's Thus one indicator of a high social status is the Early traders, holy men, and warriors brought Islam into the Temne area; from the north the Susu introduced the new religion, and the from the northeast it was brought by the Fula and Mandinka. Hunting, formerly of some significance, has decreased as the human population has increased. because of Sierra Leone's beautiful beaches and of poles secured by the intertwining of twigs and vines; this frame is This information have been a window into the lives of my Ancestors and the area that my people came from. women's social organizations, especially Marriage. 35 (2): 8199, 1992. There are a wide variety of ecological and agricultural zones to which Bangura, Yusuf. Some Temnes have migrated beyond West Africa seeking educational and professional opportunities in countries such as Great Britain, the United States, and Egypt. Also, In 1898, the Temne fought against British rule, in what is known today as the Hut Tax War of 1898. [8] Like with the introduction of Islam centuries later, this institution of societies was introduced to the region by Mand peoples. The number of jobs attracted large numbers of Temne as wage laborers. tie-dyeing, batik-printing, textile and fabric design, and basket making. my uncle mohama is from here! depending on one's linguistic tendency to "lump" or Thirty-six percent of the people live in urban areas. [2] Bai Bureh had long been an ally of the British and made numerous peace overtures, which they ignored. [24] The Portuguese records describe the culture and religion of the Temne people that their ships met as communities living near water, worshippers of idols made of clay, and men having their gods, while women had their own". The most famous storytellers (sometimes endearingly called [6], In 1642, a Susu caravan of 1,500 people led by Tour, Fofana, Yansan, Youla, and Doumbouya from the North, invaded the city of Forcariah. At the same time, a This may have been done unwittingly, since he was illiterate and may not have realized that the British intended to take permanent possession of the territory. More well-to-do. armed Sierra Leoneans, Liberians, and Burkinabes calling themselves the Deference may be shown upon meeting with a slight bow, formal According to family history and DNA testing, my people came from Sierra Leone over eight generations ago. , 1998. are also important, as are small-scale marketing and commodity trade. Food in Daily Life. area. , 1994. sits on a coastal peninsula, situated next to the world's third
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